A business valuation expert witness will use their knowledge of business valuation techniques and methodologies to determine the value of a business. They may use a variety of methods, such as discounted cash flow analysis, market comparables analysis, and income capitalization, to determine the value of the business. They will also consider the specific circumstances of the case, such as the size and nature of the business, the industry and market conditions, and the financial performance of the business.

The business valuation expert witness will also research and analyze relevant financial data, and may interview key stakeholders, such as management, employees, and customers to gather additional information. They will then provide a written report outlining their findings, including the value of the business, and will be prepared to testify in court or in arbitration or other Alternative Dispute Resolution proceedings.

Business valuation expert witnesses must have the appropriate qualifications, education, and experience in the field of business valuation. They will often hold professional designations such as ASA (Accredited Senior Appraiser) with the American Society of Appraisers or other similar accredited professional designations and organizations.

EDS Business Valuation experts are American Society of Appraisers (ASA) and/or The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) business valuation instructors and reviewers—all well-published luminaries in the global valuation community. We specialize in providing Business Valuation Expert Witness testimony services and we have prevailed in billions-of-dollars at issue in some of the world’s most important—high-profile—and valuable Business Valuation-related litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).

Our Business Valuation experts understand, develop and report critical multi-disciplinary component value drivers and provide the insight, research, and professional opinions-of-value that are independent and objective and render credible findings that will withstand scrutiny and challenges from regulatory, judicial, and taxing authorities.

Overview of Business Valuation Methodology

Correctly valuing a business is central to any successful M&A transaction. As much art as science, valuation strives to quantify the financial benefits of owning the business today and in the future. Here are the core principles of valuation, components of business value, and the most common methods used to assess it.

Business Valuation Core Principles

Which will yield greater contribution to equity holders: liquidating the business’s assets, or operating it as a going concern? The answer lies in comparing (a) the value of the business based on the cash flows it is expected to generate discounted to reflect the associated risk, and (b) the estimated net proceeds that could be realized by selling the underlying assets and settling all liabilities.

This foundational question gives rise to the two most common valuation approaches income or cash flow-based, and asset-based. If a business is viable on a stand-alone basis, valuing it as a going concern based on its cash flows will generally be more appropriate and yield a higher value.

With this as a starting point, we look at some of the core principles of valuation which apply across private and open-market transactions, reflecting economic theory, common practice, and legal precedent[1]:

• Value is specific to a point in time, reflecting available information and reasonable expectations at that time.
• Capital Structure – Value should be independent of how a business is financed, so enterprise value is calculated assuming a “normalized” capital structure, before debt servicing costs.
• Cash Flow – For an economically viable business, value is mainly a function of future discretionary cash flows.
• Rate of Return – Market forces – including economic conditions, borrowing rates, the market’s view of an industry’s growth prospects, competitive landscape and risks, and company-specific risk factors – determine the required rate of return built into valuation models.
• The more liquid a business or equity interest (i.e., the number of prospective buyers at the relevant point in time), the higher the value.
• Higher Net Tangible Operating Assets will tend to support a higher valuation, even when using cash flow-based techniques, as they imply barriers to entry, greater access to debt financing, inherent liquidation value, and lower risk than intangible assets (i.e., goodwill).
• Commercial and Non-Commercial – Commercial (i.e., transferrable) and non-commercial (i.e., specific to an owner) value are distinct concepts, with the latter accounting for differences in what prospective buyers may be willing to pay for a business.
• Controlling vs. Minority Interest – The controlling interest in a privately held business may have a higher value per share than a minority interest in the same company; this is not typically the case in publicly traded companies, whose minority shareholders have access to a liquid market.

Components of Business Value

The enterprise value of a business is its total value, including both its interest-bearing debt and equity components. It is the total value of:

• Interest-bearing debt and equivalent liabilities
• The value of all outstanding shares, or the owners’ equity, is often referred to as the “intrinsic value” of the business. This, in turn, is comprised of:
  • Adjusted net book value, i.e., tangible operating assets less liabilities
  • Intangible value, including identifiable intangible assets (e.g., brand names, patents, copyrights, etc.) and non-identifiable intangible assets, or goodwill
• Any incremental value above the intrinsic value, as perceived by a buyer, resulting from expected synergies or other economic benefits that are not available to the business on a standalone basis. Intrinsic value plus expected synergies is known as “strategic value”.

Business Valuation Methods

Cash Flow-Based

Because of their ability to reflect the future economic benefits of an ongoing business, cash flow methodologies are most commonly used in business valuation. There are various ways to estimate value based on cash flow – each with its unique benefits and limitations – including applying a multiple to an income number like EBITDA, capitalizing cash flows, and discounting cash flows. All of these methodologies require:

• An estimate of prospective future cash flows, with discretionary cash flow considered to be the most accurate measure
• Determination of the risk involved in achieving those cash flows, which is then expressed as a rate of return (discount rate or capitalization rate), or valuation multiple
• The deduction of interest-bearing debt and equivalent liabilities from the enterprise value, which normalizes the capital structure and yields the equity value of the business
• An assessment of the business’s underlying net assets, and adjustments to reflect an excess or deficient net operating assets, as well as redundant assets (e.g., owned building or plane)

The art and judgment in this type of valuation lie mainly in determining prospective cash flows and the appropriate level of risk to apply. Note that the same enterprise value can be calculated using a conservative cash flow number and lower risk level or a more ambitious cash flow and a higher level of risk.

Asset-Based

We use asset-based valuation methodologies when a business is not viable as a going concern, where it is more practical for an owner to dissolve rather than sell a small company, or for capital-intensive businesses where the net asset value may exceed the present value of cash flows. The most common asset-based methodology calculates the liquidation value, though in some cases adjusted net book value or real estate valuation are used.

Liquidation can be either forced (e.g., when a failing company goes into receivership) or voluntary, and take place either immediately or over an extended period of time. Voluntary liquidation typically involves circumstances more favorable to the owner and yields a higher valuation. When liquidation takes place in a relatively short period of time, it is considered less risky and avoids prolonged overhead expenses, often resulting in a higher valuation than a more extended process.

Under the liquidation value methodology:

• Assets on the balance sheet are restated to reflect their current net realizable values (sale price less disposition costs)
• Liabilities are deducted from the expected proceeds resulting from the sale of the assets, normally at face value
• Liquidation costs are deducted to calculate the net proceeds before income taxes
• Corporate income taxes are deducted, resulting in the “proceeds available for distribution”, or liquidation value of the business

Industry or Business Model-Specific Asset Based

Occasionally a buyer will focus entirely on the acquisition of an industry or business model-specific asset, like nursing home beds or hot water tanks or subscriptions for a service or product. In particular, “The subscription business model is booming. Previously dominated by the likes of newspapers, magazines, gyms, utilities, and telecommunications firms, … business-to-consumer subscription businesses have attracted more than 11 million U.S. subscribers in 2017, and the industry as a whole has been growing at 200% annually since 2011.”

In a sense, these are both cash flow and asset-based valuations. Typically, we build revenue and profitability per asset unit, costs of acquisition, rates of turnover, etc. into our cash flow and risk assumptions. We also look at the multiples applied to the specific asset in comparable transactions.

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Business Valuation Group